Impacts of seed and pollen flow on population genetic structure for plant genomes with three contrasting modes of inheritance

The classical island and one-dimensional stepping-stone models of population genetic structure developed for animal populations are extended to hermaphrodite plant populations to study the behavior of biparentally inherited nuclear genes and organelle genes with paternal and maternal inheritance. By substituting appropriate values for effective population sizes and migration rates of the genes concerned into the classical models, expressions for genetic differentiation and correlation in gene frequency between populations can be derived. For both models, differentiation for maternally inherited genes at migration-drift equilibrium is greater than that for paternally inherited genes, which in turn is greater than that for biparentally inherited nuclear genes. In the stepping-stone model, the change of genetic correlation with distance is influenced by the mode of inheritance of the gene and the relative values of long and short-distance migration by seed and pollen. In situations where it is possible to measure simultaneously F-st for genes with all three types of inheritance, estimates of the relative rates of pollen to seed flow can be made for both the short- and long-distance components of migration in the stepping-stone model.