Examining the characteristics of game-based learning: A content analysis and design framework

The purpose of this study was to analyze the design characteristics of game-based learning environments in the research literature through a content analysis. Article text was coded in 194 sampled publications on six primary characteristics and 14 secondary characteristics from 2007 to 2017. The results revealed associations between four groups of primary characteristics for a framework including leveled games, problem solving games, open-world multiplayer games, and immersive multiplayer games. The framework of secondary characteristics included paired positive and negative game mechanics, immediate feedback with technology, reward mechanisms that track progress, supportive multi-sensory learning, team structures, and teams with personalization. We conclude the article with a discussion of primary and secondary characteristics in game-based learning, suggestions for reporting game-based learning research, and directions for future research.