FTIR and HPLC-Based Metabolomics of Yacon Leaves Extracts (Smallanthus sonchifolius [Poepp & Endl.] H. Robinson) from Two Locations in Indonesia

Smallanthus sonchifolius [Poepp. & Endl.] H. Robinson (Asteraceae) also known as Yacon or insulin plant, is traditionally used for treating diabetes. Varying geographical origins and postharvest handling, however, seem to affect quantitative and qualitative metabolites in the leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius [Poepp. & Endl.] H. Robinson (Yacon). This study was conducted to compare and differentiate metabolites profile/fingerprint of Yacon leaves which were grown and obtained from different locations in Pulau Jawa i.e. Lembang (Jawa Barat) and Wonosobo (Jawa Tengah). Three different solvents (95% ethanol, 50% ethanol and water) were used to obtain Yacon leaves extracts, in order to determine the suitable solvent to produce discernable differentiation through FTIR and HPLC-based metabolomics. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of FTIR data (4000-400 cm(-1) wavenumber) indicated that Yacon leaves extracted with 95% ethanol, had a distinctive FTIR fingerprint profile when compared to others. However, the FTIR-based PCA could not differentiate the extracts based on their geographical origins, although PCA analysis of HPLC-data successfully differentiated the extracts based on their geographical origins. Furthermore, the prominent peak for the leaves extract from Lembang and Wonosobo as regards to retention time, was observed at 21.59-25.10 min and 20.69-21.695 min respectively. Notably, (RY)-Y-2 and Q(2) values obtained by cross-validation and permutation tests showed all multivariate models were statistically reliable. Overall, there is a need to conduct further research using a more sophisticated tool such as LC-MS, to identify which metabolites were represented by the aforementioned FTIR and HPLC data.