Biomolecule immobilization on electrode surfaces by entrapment or attachment to electrochemically polymerized films. A review

The concept and potentialities of electrochemical procedures of biomolecule immobilization based on electropolymerized films are described. The biomolecule entrapment in conventional electrogenerated polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline or polyphenol is compared with an electrochemical procedure involving the adsorption of amphiphilic monomers and biomolecules before the polymerization step. Examples of organic phase enzyme electrode and electrical wiring of immobilized enzymes are presented. Furthermore, the construction of controlled architectures based on spatially segregated multilayers, exhibiting complementary biological activities is described. Then, the use of functionalized polymers bearing functional groups for the covalent:binding of biomolecules is reported. Moreover, the attachment of biomolecules to biotinylated polymers through affinity interactions based on avidin-biotin bridge is presented. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.