(Liquid plus liquid) equilibria of aqueous solutions of butyric acid with n-heptane and toluene at T = (298.2, 308.2, and 318.2) K

Solubility and tie line data for the (water + butyric acid + n-heptane) and (water + butyric acid + toluene) ternary systems were determined at T = (298.2, 308.2, and 318.2) K and atmospheric pressure. Solubility data were obtained by the cloud-point titration method. The concentration of each phase was determined by acidimetric titration, the Karl-Fischer technique, and refractive index measurements. The experimental tie-line data were correlated using the UNIQUAC and NRTL thermodynamic models. The reliability of the experimental data was determined through the Othmer-Tobias and Hand plots. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for each system over the immiscibility regions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.