Remedial and adaptive solutions of ISFET non-ideal behaviour

Purpose - This paper aims to focus on the steps necessary to bolster marketability of ISFET-based sensors, keeping in view the present technological status of ISFET and its limitations. Design/methodology/approach - Technical problems inhibiting commercialization of ISFET-based sensors are highlighted. The problems considered include sensitivity, drift, cleaning, disposability, reference systems, chip structural designs, packaging, light, temperature, hysteresis and body effects, and instability of biosensors. Available solutions are prescribed, discussing both direct and indirect ways of addressing the problems of ISFET sensors. Findings - The history of progress of ISFET (Ion-sensitive Field-Effect Transistor) is synonymous with the ways and means devised by different researchers for surmounting (direct approach) or acclimatizing to the shortcomings of this device (indirect approach). Signal conditioning hardware and software considerably help in obviating issues such as drift, hysteresis and thermal effects. Research limitations/implications - Reliable on-chip reference electrodes and ISFET packaging for continuous online applications are interesting research areas. Practical implications Where a plausible solution exists, it should be readily availed; otherwise the device limitation should be understood and ingeniously bypassed. Compromising solutions targeted on the specific applications pave the way towards widespread utilization of these sensors in industrial, biomedical, food and environmental sectors. Originality/value - The study helps in understanding the problems besetting utilization of ISFETs, calling attention to essential remedies for ISFET-based products. It provides information of value to those involved in ISFET measurements.