Environmental lead exposure risks associated with children's outdoor playgrounds

This study examines exposure risks associated with lead smelter emissions at children's public playgrounds in Port Pine, South Australia. Lead and other metal values were measured in air, soil, surface dust and on pre- and post-play hand wipes. Playgrounds closest to the smelter were significantly more lead contaminated compared to those further away (t(27.545) = 3.76; p = .001). Port Pine post-play hand wipes contained significantly higher lead loadings (maximum hand lead value of 49,432 mu g/m(2)) than pre-play hand wipes (t(27) = 3.57, p = .001). A 1% increase in air lead (mu g/m(3)) was related to a 0.713% increase in lead dust on play surfaces (95% CI, 0.253-1.174), and a 0.612% increase in post-play wipe lead (95% CI, 0.257-0.970). Contaminated dust from smelter emissions is determined as the source and cause of childhood lead poisoning at a rate of approximately one child every third day. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.