Rational Construction of an Artificial Binuclear Copper Monooxygenase in a Metal-Organic Framework

Artificial enzymatic systems are extensively studied to mimic the structures and functions of their natural counterparts. However, there remains a significant gap between structural modeling and catalytic activity in these artificial systems. Herein we report a novel strategy for the construction of an artificial binuclear copper monooxygenase starting from a Ti metal-organic framework (MOF). The deprotonation of the hydroxide groups on the secondary building units (SBUs) of MIL-125(Ti) (MIL = Materiaux de l'Institut Lavoisier) allows for the metalation of the SBUs with closely spaced Cu-I pairs, which are oxidized by molecular O-2 to afford the Cu-2(II) (mu(2)-OH)(2) cofactor in the MOF-based artificial binuclear monooxygenase Ti-8-Cu-2. An artificial mononuclear Cu monooxygenase Ti-8-Cu-1 was also prepared for comparison. The MOF-based monooxygenases were characterized by a combination of thermogravimetric analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. In the presence of coreductants, Ti-8-Cu-2 exhibited outstanding catalytic activity toward a wide range of monooxygenation processes, including epoxidation, hydroxylation, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, and sulfoxidation, with turnover numbers of up to 3450. Ti-8-Cu-2 showed a turnover frequency at least 17 times higher than that of Ti-8-Cu-1. Density functional theory calculations revealed O-2 activation as the rate-limiting step in the monooxygenation processes. Computational studies further showed that the Cu-2 sites in Ti-8-Cu-2 cooperatively stabilized the Cu-O-2 adduct for O-O bond cleavage with 6.6 kcal/mol smaller free energy increase than that of the mononuclear Cu sites in Ti-8-Cu-1, accounting for the significantly higher catalytic activity of Ti-8-Cu-2 over Ti-8-Cu-1.