Okara, a by-product of tofu or soymilk, is rich in dietary fibers (DFs) that are mostly insoluble. A wet-type grinder (WG) system was used to produce nanocellulose (NC). We hypothesized that the WG system would increase the dispersion performance and viscosity of okara. These properties of WG-treated okara improve the gel-forming ability of soybean proteins. Here, the suspensions of 2 wt% okara were treated with WG for different passages (1, 3, and 5 times). The particle size distribution (PSD) and viscosity of WG-treated okara decreased and increased, respectively, with different passages. The five-time WG-treated okara homogeneously dispersed in water after 24 h, whereas untreated okara did not. The breaking stress, strain, and water holding capacity of soybean protein isolate (SPI) gels increased upon the addition of WG-treated okara. This effect increased as the number of WG treatments increased. The breaking stress and strain of SPI gels to which different concentrations of the five-time WG-treated okara were added also increased with increasing concentrations of WG-treated okara. These results suggest that NC technology can improve the physicochemical properties of okara and are useful in the development of protein gel-based foods.
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Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaUniv Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Chew, Few Ne
Tan, Wen Siang
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Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Biotechnol & Biomol Sci, Dept Microbiol, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Univ Putra Malaysia, Inst Biosci, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaUniv Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Tan, Wen Siang
Ling, Tau Chuan
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Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Proc & Food Engn, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaUniv Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Ling, Tau Chuan
Tan, Chon Seng
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Malaysia Agr Res & Dev Inst, Biotechnol Res Ctr, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaUniv Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Tan, Chon Seng
Tey, Beng Ti
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Univ Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Univ Putra Malaysia, Inst Biosci, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaUniv Putra Malaysia, Fac Engn, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Upm Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia