The Private School Pivot: The Shrouded Persistence of Massive Resistance in the Black Belt and Beyond

In 1969, four years after passage of the Voting Rights Act, African Americans in Greene County, Alabama, reclaimed control of local government, becoming the first community in the South to do so since Reconstruction. A half century later, however, Greene County remains an impoverished and largely segregated area with poor educational outcomes, especially for Black children. This essay explores the history of Greene County from 1954 to the recent past, with a particular focus on Warrior Academy, a segregated private school ("segregation academy") founded by Whites in 1965. As a case study of "school choice" in the context of the "long civil rights movement," it complicates scholarly definitions of "massive resistance." Furthermore, it demonstrates the ways in which an emerging "color-blind" conservatism premised on White concerns about "educational quality" thwarted Black efforts to achieve educational equality, even in places where African Americans achieved significant political victories.