Enhancing the Transdermal Delivery of ?Next Generation? Variable New Antigen Receptors Using Microarray Patch Technology: a Proof-of-Concept Study

Heavy chain only binding proteins, such as variable new antigen receptors (VNARs), have emerged as an alternative to the highly successful therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Owing to their small size (-11 kDa) and single chain only architecture, they are amenable to modular reformatting and can be produced using inex-pensive expression systems. Furthermore, due to their low molecular weight (MW) and high stability, they may be suitable for alternative delivery strategies, such as microarray array patches (MAPs). In this study, the transdermal delivery of ELN22-104, a multivalent anti-hTNF-a VNAR, was examined using both dissolving and hydrogel-forming MAPs. For dissolving MAPs, the cumulative in vitro permeation of ELN22-104 reached a plateau after 2 h (12.24 +/- 0.17 mg). This could be important for bolus dosing. Assessing two hydrogel-forming MAPs in vitro, PVP/PVA hydrogel-forming MAPs delivered significantly higher drug doses when compared to "super swelling' MAPs, equivalent to 43.13 +/- 10.36 mg and 23.13 +/- 5.66 mg, respectively (p < 0.05). Consequently, this study has proven that by modifying the MAP system, the transdermal delivery of a VNAR across the skin can be enhanced. Furthermore, this proof-of-concept study has shown that transdermal delivery of "next generation' biotherapeutics is achievable using MAP technology.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Pharmacists Association. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)