Gravitational theory of cosmology, galaxies and galaxy clusters

A modified gravitational theory explains early universe and late time cosmology, galaxy and galaxy cluster dynamics. The modified gravity (MOG) theory extends general relativity (GR) by three extra degrees of freedom: a scalar field G, enhancing the strength of the Newtonian gravitational constant G(N), a gravitational, spin 1 vector graviton field phi(mu), and the effective mass mu of the ultralight spin 1 graviton. For t < t(rec), where t(rec) denotes the time of recombination and re-ionization, the density of the vector graviton rho(phi) > rho(b), where rho(b) is the density of baryons, while for t > t(rec) we have rho(b) > rho(phi). The matter density is parameterized by Omega(M) = Omega(b) + Omega(phi) + Omega(r) where Omega(r) = Omega(gamma) + Omega(nu). For the cosmological parameter values obtained by the Planck Collaboration, the CMB acoustical oscillation power spectrum, polarization and lensing data can be fitted as in the Lambda CDM model. When the baryon density rho(b) dominates the late time universe, MOG explains galaxy rotation curves, the dynamics of galaxy clusters, galaxy lensing and the galaxy clusters matter power spectrum without dominant dark matter.