The sustainability of tourism income on economic growth: does education matter?

This article examines the impact of detailed tourism expenditure on the long-run economic growth by employing autoregressive distributed lag approach and Hatemi causality test to investigate causality for 2005:I to 2012:1 in Turkey. New data set tourism detailed expenditure-is employed that has not previously been used for the causality of tourism expenditure on economic growth. The results of the bounds test show that there is a sustainable long-run relationship between each of the tourism expenditure and economic growth. The results of the causality test, on the other hand, show that there is bidirectional causality between university graduate tourists' expenditure and economic growth and a causal flow from high school tourism expenditure to GDP growth which is verified growth-led tourism hypothesis. Results reveal that university and post graduate degree with tourists' expenditure is more successful on explaining the long-run relationship between tourism expenditure and economic growth in Turkey. This result implies a policy that, although Turkey need to focus more on tourism development for all level of education to reach higher real income levels; policy makers should concentrate on attracting the attention of university graduate tourist to gain more from tourism industry.