Response of microbial interactions in activated sludge to chlortetracycline

Chlortetracycline (CTC) has attracted increasing attention due to its potential environmental risks. However, its effects on bacterial communities and microbial interactions in activated sludge systems remain unclear. To verify these issues, a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) exposed to different concentrations of CTC (0, 0.05, 0.5, 1 mg/L) was carried out for 106 days. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of COD, TN, and TP were negatively affected, and the system functions could gradually recover at low CTC concentrations (& LE;0.05 mg/L), but high CTC concentrations (& GE;0.5 mg/L) caused irreversible damage. CTC significantly altered bacterial di-versity and the overall bacterial community structure, and stimulated the emergence of many taxa with anti-biotic resistance. Molecular ecological network analysis showed that low concentrations of CTC increased network complexity and enhanced microbial interactions, while high concentrations of CTC had the opposite effect. Sub-networks analysis of dominant phyla (Bacteriodota, Proteobacteria, and Actionobacteriota) and dominant genera (Propioniciclava, a genus from the family Pleomorphomonadaceae and WCHB1-32) also showed the same pattern. In addition, keystone species identified by Z-P analysis had low relative abundance, but they were important in maintaining the stable performance of the system. In summary, low concentrations of CTC enhanced the complexity and stability of the activated sludge system. While high CTC concentrations destabi-lized the stability of the overall network and then caused effluent water quality deterioration. This study provides insights into our understanding of response in the bacteria community and their network interactions under tetracycline antibiotics in activated sludge system.