Stochastic series expansion method with operator-loop update

A cluster update (the "operator loop") is developed within the framework of a numerically exact quantum Monte Carlo method based on the power series expansion of exp(-beta H) (stochastic series expansion). The method is generally applicable to a wide class of lattice Hamiltonians for which the expansion is positive definite. For some important models the operator-loop algorithm is more efficient than loop updates previously developed for "worldline'' simulations. The method is here tested on a two-dimensional anisotropic Heisenberg antiferromagnet in a magnetic field.