Experimental and Theoretical Investigations on the Supermolecular Structure of Isoliquiritigenin and 6-O-α-D-Maltosyl-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex

Isoliquiritigenin (ILTG) possesses many pharmacological properties. However, its poor solubility and stability in water hinders its wide applications. The solubility of bioactive compounds can often be enhanced through preparation and delivery of various cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexes. The 6-O--d-maltosyl--CD (G(2)--CD), as one of the newest developments of CDs, has high aqueous solubility and low toxicity, especially stable inclusion characteristics with bioactive compounds. In this work, we for the first time construct and characterize the supermolecular structure of ILTG/G(2)--CD by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The solubility of ILTG in water at 25 degrees C rises from 0.003 to 0.717 mg/mL by the encapsulation with G(2)--CD. Our experimental observations on the presence of the ILTG/G(2)--CD inclusion complex are further supported by the ONIOM(our Own N-layer Integrated Orbital molecular Mechanics)-based QM/MM (Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics) calculations, typically substantiating these supermolecular characteristics, such as detailed structural assignments, preferred binding orientations, selectivity, solvent effects, interaction energies and forces of the ILTG/G(2)--CD inclusion complex. Our results have elucidated how ILTG interacts with G(2)--CD, demonstrating the primary host-guest interactions between ILTG and G(2)--CD, characterized by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces, and conformational effects, are favored for the formation of the ILTG/G(2)--CD inclusion.