History of the Cartography and Toponymy of the Valley of Geysers (Kronotsky Reserve, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia): From Field Drawings to 3D Documents

The article describes the evolution of the cartography and toponymy of the second largest geyser field in the world - the Valley of Geysers in the Kronotsky Reserve (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia), discovered in 1941. The toponymy evolved in close connection with the development of the cartographic base that passed through the three stages from the first manual drawings to large-scale maps and to 3D models of the territory. The number of geysers with personal names increased gradually from twelve to more than one hundred. The article presents examples of diagrams and maps as well as tables of thermal features with coordinates. All main sources of literature were analysed for the period of 1941-2017, and the article presents a comprehensive historiography on the investigated topic. The evolution of instruments for the measurement of geyser activity is also briefly overviewed with examples of data obtained using the different methods. [GRAPHICS] .