Citizen participation in budgeting theory

Citizen participation in government budgeting processes is a topic that has received attention for many decades. Despite prescriptive exhortations to cities, research in this area has significant limitations. We identify four elements that are believed to influence the participation process. The variables within each element have received attention in the empirical literature, but no systematic effort has been made to uncover interaction effects and extend theory to make it more robust. We consider the weaknesses Of our knowledge, suggest an impact model of citizen participation in budgeting, and identify hypotheses that may be tested in future research.