Clinical treatment (nonsurgical) of spasticity in cerebral palsy

Objective. A review about the procedures used in the nonsurgical management of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Development. Therapeutic modalities for the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy include: (1) elimination of factors aggravating spasticity: pain, fatigue, stress, excitement, cold, illness, sleep disturbance, immobility, and hormonal changes; (2) rehabilitative therapies, there are four major groups: (a) biomechanical approach, (b) neurophysiologic approach, (c) developmental approach and (d) sensory approach; (3) orthosis; (4) oral pharmacotherapy: baclofen, tizanidine, diacepam and dantroleno; (5) chemical denervation: phenol inyections and botulinum toxin inyections, The medical management of spasticity in cerebral palsy is based on: 1. Oral pharmacotherapy: (a) baclofen, binds GABA(B) receptors of spinal interneurons presynaptically, inhibits release of excitatory neuro transmitters in the spinal cord; (b) tizanidine, binds alfa-2-adrenergic receptors presinaptically, inhibits release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord; (c) diacepam, augments GABA-mediated inhibition in the spinal cord and supraspinally; (d) dantrolene, inhibits release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle, weakens muscle contraction in reponse to myofiber excitation. 2. Chemical denervation: (a)phenol inyection perineurally or into the motor point disrupts efferent signals from hyperexcitable anterior horn cells causing necrosis of axons or muscle; (b) botulinum toxin inyection in selected muscles blocks the release of acetylcholine presynaptically and weakens the force of muscle contraction produced by hyperexcitable motoneurons. Conclusions. At the present time, there is not irrefutable evidence of a sustain benefit of physical rehabilitation in the management of spasticity. There are few studies with oral pharmacological agents involving children with cerebral palsy to define its role. On the other hand, botulinum toxin A is effective, well tolerated, and safe in the treatment of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.