Effect of the nixtamalization process on the protein bioaccessibility of white and red sorghum flours during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Protein bioaccessibility is a major concern in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) due to potential interactions with tannins affecting its nutritional value. Technological treatments such as boiling or alkaline cooking have been proposed to address this problem by reducing tannin-protein interactions. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of nixtamalization in the protein bioaccessibility from two sorghum varieties (red and white sorghum) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Nixtamalization increased protein bioaccessibility in the nondigestible fraction (NDF) (5.26 and 26.31% for red and white sorghum, respectively). However, cooking showed a higher permeation speed of protein from red sorghum flours at the end of the intestinal incubation (9.42%). The SDS-PAGE profile of the digested fraction (DF) at 90 min of intestinal incubation indicated that, for red sorghum, cooking allows the formation of alpha and gamma-kafirins while nixtamalization increase alpha-kafirin release. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) showed the association between nixtamalization and dissociation of delta alpha kafirin complexes and increased protein content in the digestible fraction. In silico interactions indicated the highest biding energies for (+)-catechin and kafirin fractions (beta-kafirin: -7.0 kcal/mol; gamma-kafirin: -5.8 kcal/ mol, and delta-kafirin: -6.8 kcal/mol), suggesting a minor influence of depolymerized proanthocyanidin fractions with sorghum proteins as a result of the nixtamalization process. In conclusion, nixtamalization increased the bioaccessibility of sorghum proteins, depolymerizing condensed tannins, and breaking protein-tannin complexes. Such technological process improves the nutrimental value of sorghum, supporting its inclusion in the human diet.