An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies

被引:415
作者
Iffland, Kerstin [1 ]
Grotenhermen, Franjo [1 ]
机构
[1] Nova Inst, Ind Str 300, D-50354 Hurth, Germany
关键词
cannabidiol; cannabinoids; medical uses; safety; side effects; toxicity;
D O I
10.1089/can.2016.0034
中图分类号
R9 [药学];
学科分类号
1007 ;
摘要
Introduction: This literature survey aims to extend the comprehensive survey performed by Bergamaschi et al. in 2011 on cannabidiol (CBD) safety and side effects. Apart from updating the literature, this article focuses on clinical studies and CBD potential interactions with other drugs. Results: In general, the often described favorable safety profile of CBD in humans was confirmed and extended by the reviewed research. The majority of studies were performed for treatment of epilepsy and psychotic disorders. Here, the most commonly reported side effects were tiredness, diarrhea, and changes of appetite/weight. In comparison with other drugs, used for the treatment of these medical conditions, CBD has a better side effect profile. This could improve patients' compliance and adherence to treatment. CBD is often used as adjunct therapy. Therefore, more clinical research is warranted on CBD action on hepatic enzymes, drug transporters, and interactions with other drugs and to see if this mainly leads to positive or negative effects, for example, reducing the needed clobazam doses in epilepsy and therefore clobazam's side effects. Conclusion: This review also illustrates that some important toxicological parameters are yet to be studied, for example, if CBD has an effect on hormones. Additionally, more clinical trials with a greater number of participants and longer chronic CBD administration are still lacking.
引用
收藏
页码:139 / 154
页数:16
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