In Situ Determination of Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Doses in and around the Gold Mine Tailing Dams, Gauteng Province, South Africa

The mining and processing of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) could result in elevated levels of natural radionuclides in the environment. The gold mining in the goldfields of the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa has resulted in numerous tailing dams that have high concentrations of NORM bearing residue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radioactivity levels in tailing dams, soils and rocks, and the consequential radiological exposure to the public in the gold mining areas of Gauteng Province, South Africa. The activity concentrations of U-238, Th-232, and K-40 were assessed using a gamma ray spectrometer (RS-230), and the activity concentrations ranges in the mine tailings were 209.95-2578.68 Bq/kg, 19.49-108.00 Bq/kg, and 31.30-626.00 Bq/kg, respectively. The radionuclides show significant spatial variability in soils, with high activities recorded in soils located in close proximity to tailings although regionally, the soil radioactivity levels mainly depend on the chemistry of the underlying rocks. The estimated annual effective doses were higher than the recommended regulatory limit of 0.25 mSv/y in particular tailing dams and soil impacted by tailings. Therefore, to ensure the protection of people and the environment, further monitoring and regulatory control measures targeting these areas are required.