11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 regulates insulin and glucagon secretion in pancreatic islets

Aims/hypothesis Exposure to excess glucocorticoid is associated with pancreatic beta cell damage and decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Inactive glucocorticoids (cortisone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone) are converted to active cortisol and corticosterone by 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 beta-HSD1), which requires NADPH as cofactor, which is generated by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). We investigated the localisation and activity of 11 beta-HSD1 within pancreatic islets, and determined its functional role in the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion. Methods mRNA expression of 11 beta-HSD1 (also known as HSD11B1), glucocorticoid receptor and H6PDH (also known as H6PD) in human pancreas and murine islets was examined by real-time PCR. 11 beta-HSD1 protein levels were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. 11 beta-HSD1 activity was assessed in intact tissue and isolated islets of wild-type (WT) and both 11 beta-Hsd1- and H6pdh-null mice. Glucagon secretion and insulin secretion were analysed by RIA and ELISA respectively in isolated murine islets incubated with dexamethasone. Results 11 beta-HSD1 co-localised with glucagon in the periphery of murine and human islets, but not with insulin or somatostatin. Dexamethasone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone induced a dose-dependent decrease in GSIS and glucagon secretion following low glucose stimulation. Reduction of 11 beta-HSD1 activity with specific inhibitors or in experiments carried out in H6pdh-null mice reversed the effects of 11-dehydrocorticosterone, but had no effect following treatment with corticosterone. Conclusions/interpretation Local regeneration of glucocorticoid via 11 beta-HSD1 within alpha cells regulates glucagon secretion and in addition may act in a paracrine manner to limit insulin secretion from beta cells.