Primary failure of cardiac resynchronization therapy: what are the causes and is it worth considering a second attempt? A single-centre experience

Aims Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been validated as an effective treatment for patients with drug-refractory congestive heart failure and left bundle branch block. Failure of implantation of the left ventricular (LV) lead has been reported in 10-15% of patients. The goal of our study was to determine the causes of failure and the success rate following a repeat procedure by the same operators. Methods and results We reviewed our last 100 consecutive cases of CRT before July 2007. The procedure was considered as unsuccessful if it had to be interrupted before the placement of the LV lead in an appropriate position, because of patient's haemodynamic status or if the procedure duration exceeded 3 h. Cardiac resynchronization therapy was unsuccessful in 10 patients (5 men, mean age: 72 +/- 11 years). The causes of failure of CRT were as follows: no target vein other than the great cardiac vein (n = 5), coronary sinus dissection (n = 1), and a lateral vein too small to provide a stable location for the LV lead (n = 4). A second procedure was attempted in four patients and was successful in all cases. Conclusion In our study results, failure of CRT was observed in 10% of the patients. A second procedure can be attempted in a selected group of patients and is associated with a high success rate.