Retronasal testing of olfactory function: an investigation and comparison in seven countries

被引:47
作者
Croy, Ilona [1 ]
Hoffmann, Heike [1 ]
Philpott, Carl [2 ,3 ]
Rombaux, Philippe [4 ]
Welge-Luessen, Antje [5 ]
Vodicka, Jan [6 ,7 ]
Konstantinidis, Iordanis [8 ]
Morera, Eduardo [9 ]
Hummel, Thomas [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Dresden, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Smell & Taste Clin, Sch Med, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
[2] James Paget Univ Hosp, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Smell & Taste Clin, Norfolk, VA USA
[3] James Paget Univ Hosp, Dept Otorhinolaryngol, Smell & Taste Clin, Norfolk, VA USA
[4] Clin Univ St Luc, ORL Rhinol, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
[5] Univ HNO Klin, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
[6] Charles Univ Prague, Univ Hosp Hradec Kralove, Dept Otorhinolaryngol & Head & Neck Surg, Prague, Czech Republic
[7] Univ Pardubice, Fac Med Hradec Kralove Fac Hlth Studies, Pardubice, Czech Republic
[8] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Acad ORL Dept 2, Papageorgiou Hosp, Thessaloniki, Greece
[9] Illes Balears, Spanien, Illes Balears, Spain
关键词
Smell; Flavor Taste; Nose; Anosmia; ODOR IDENTIFICATION; SMELL; ORTHONASAL; PERCEPTION; DISORDERS; CULTURE; LIFE;
D O I
10.1007/s00405-013-2684-9
中图分类号
R76 [耳鼻咽喉科学];
学科分类号
100213 ;
摘要
Flavor perception is to a large extent determined by olfaction, and persons who lost their sense of smell consequently complain about strongly reduced enjoyment of food. The retronasal olfactory function is especially important for flavor appreciation. The aim of this study was to compare retronasal function across different cultures and to develop a test that is applicable across cultures. Identification of 39 retronasal applied odor probes was tested in a total of 518 participants of seven countries; 292 of them were healthy, and 226 exhibited a smell disorder. A retest was performed with 224 of the healthy participants. Furthermore, all participants were tested for orthonasal threshold, identification, and discrimination ability. Significant cultural differences in identification ability were found in 92 % of the probes. The 20 probes that could be identified above chance in healthy participants of all countries and that could differentiate between patients and controls were selected for the final retronasal test. This test was well able to differentiate between controls and patients in different countries and showed a good coherence with the orthonasal test (r = 0.80) and a good retest-reliability (r = 0.76). Furthermore, it is age-independent. The strong cultural differences observed in retronasal identification underline the necessity to develop a culturally independent instrument. This retronasal test is easy to apply and can be used across different countries for diagnostics and clinical research.
引用
收藏
页码:1087 / 1095
页数:9
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