Bovine babesiosis: An insight into the global perspective on the disease distribution by systematic review and meta-analysis

Bovine babesiosis is continuing as a great threat to the livestock sector causing havoc production losses with significant morbidity and mortality. Being a tick-borne disease, the great complexity in the agent -host-vector relationship has severely hampered the sincere efforts towards the development of an effective vaccine against bovine babesiosis. In these circumstances, assessing the global scenario of disease prevalence is a prerequisite to strategize the available control measures. Keeping this in view, the objective of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of bovine babesiosis globally. The literature search was conducted to identify all relevant published articles reporting the prevalence of bovine babesiosis and a total of 163 studies were found eligible for final systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted using meta package of R software and summary estimates of the prevalence were calculated. Meta analysis of 81099 samples from 62 countires representing six continents revealed pooled global prevalence of bovine babesiosis as 29% (95% CI = 24%-34%) with estimated prevalence of active infection as 16% (95% CI = 13%-20%) and seroprevalence as 50% (95% CI = 45%-56%) using random effects model. Continent wise highest prevalence of bovine babesiosis in South America 64% (95% CI = 49%-77%) and lowest in Asia 19% (95% CI = 14%-25%). Highest prevalence was estimated with B. bigemina 22% (95% CI = 18%-27%) and least prevalence was recorded with B. divergens 12% (95% CI = 2%-46%). The pooled prevalence estimates generated in the study is revealing an increase in disease trend and the need for immediate planning of mitigation strategies paralleled with the development of early diagnostic methods to reduce the impact of disease throughout the world.