Pyrido [1,2-a] Pyrimidinone Mesoionic Compounds Containing Vanillin Moiety: Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity, and Mechanism

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoo) is a plant pathogen responsible for rice bacterial blight disease that remains challenging for prevention and cure. To discover innovative and extremely potent antibacterial agents, vanillin moiety was introduced to develop a series of novel mesoionic derivatives. Compound 15 demonstrated excellent in vitro antibacterial activity against Xoo, with a 50% effective concentration value (EC50) of 27.5 mu g/mL, which was superior to that of the positive control agent thiodiazole copper (97.1 mu g/mL) and comparable to that of compound "A11 " (17.4 mu g/mL). The greenhouse pot experiment also revealed that compound 15 had 38.5% curative and 36.8% protective efficacy against rice bacterial leaf blight in vivo at 100 mu g/mL, which was higher than those of thiodiazole copper (31.2 and 32.6%, respectively) and compound "A11 " (29.6 and 33.2%, respectively). Compound 15 enhanced the activities of related defense enzymes, increased chlorophyll content, and promoted the resistance of rice to bacterial infection by modulating the photosynthetic pathway. This study provides a basis for the subsequent structural modification and mechanism research of mesoionic derivatives.