PKC1 Is Essential for Protection against both Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses, Cell Integrity, and Normal Manifestation of Virulence Factors in the Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans

被引:91
作者
Gerik, Kimberly J. [1 ]
Bhimireddy, Sujit R. [1 ]
Ryerse, Jan S. [2 ]
Specht, Charles A. [4 ]
Lodge, Jennifer K. [1 ,3 ]
机构
[1] St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Edward A Doisy Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, St Louis, MO 63104 USA
[2] St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, St Louis, MO 63104 USA
[3] St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63104 USA
[4] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
关键词
D O I
10.1128/EC.00146-08
中图分类号
Q93 [微生物学];
学科分类号
071005 ; 100705 ;
摘要
Cell wall integrity is crucial for fungal growth, survival, and pathogenesis. Responses to environmental stresses are mediated by the highly conserved Pkc1 protein and its downstream components. In this study, we demonstrate that both oxidative and nitrosative stresses activate the PKC1 cell integrity pathway in wild-type cells, as measured by phosphorylation of Mpk1, the terminal protein in the PKC1 phosphorylation cascade. Furthermore, deletion of PKC1 shows that this gene is essential for defense against both oxidative and nitrosative stresses; however, other genes involved directly in the PKC1 pathway are dispensable for protection against these stresses. This suggests that Pkc1 may have multiple and alternative functions other than activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade from a " top-down" approach. Deletion of PKC1 also causes osmotic instability, temperature sensitivity, severe sensitivity to cell wall-inhibiting agents, and alterations in capsule and melanin. Furthermore, the vital cell wall components chitin and its deacetylated form chitosan appear to be mislocalized in a pkc1 Delta strain, although this mutant contains wild-type levels of both of these polymers. These data indicate that loss of Pkc1 has pleiotropic effects because it is central to many functions either dependent on or independent of PKC1 pathway activation. Notably, this is the first time that Pkc1 has been implicated in protection against nitrosative stress in any organism.
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收藏
页码:1685 / 1698
页数:14
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