On the Role of Metals in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction

被引:613
作者
Masa, Justus [1 ]
Xia, Wei [2 ]
Muhler, Martin [2 ]
Schuhmann, Wolfgang [1 ]
机构
[1] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Analyt Chem & Ctr Electrochem Sci, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
[2] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lab Ind Chem, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
关键词
carbon; doping; electrocatalysis; metal-free catalysts; oxygen reduction; ANION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANES; ELECTROLYTE FUEL-CELLS; FE-BASED CATALYSTS; HIGH-AREA CARBON; HIGHLY-ACTIVE ELECTROCATALYST; ALKALINE POLYMER ELECTROLYTE; ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; O-2; REDUCTION; TRANSITION-METAL; RECENT PROGRESS;
D O I
10.1002/anie.201500569
中图分类号
O6 [化学];
学科分类号
0703 ;
摘要
The notion of metal-free catalysts is used to refer to carbon materials modified with nonmetallic elements. However, some claimed metalfree catalysts are prepared using metal-containing precursors. It is highly contested that metal residues in nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) catalysts play a crucial role in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In an attempt to reconcile divergent views, a definition for truly metal-free catalysts is proposed and the differences between NC and M-Nx/C catalysts are discussed. Metal impurities at levels usually undetectable by techniques such as XPS, XRD, and EDX significantly promote the ORR. Poisoning tests to mask the metal ions reveal the involvement of metal residues as active sites or as modifiers of the electronic structure of the active sites in NC. The unique merits of both M-Nx/C and NC catalysts are discussed to inspire the development of more advanced nonprecious-metal catalysts for the ORR.
引用
收藏
页码:10102 / 10120
页数:19
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