The abyss gazes back: how North Korean propaganda interprets sanctions, threats and diplomacy

This article examines the ways in which the North Korean regime filters and re-interprets various 'messages' from the outside world for its domestic audience through the lens of state-produced literature. In broad strokes, I identify three main types of foreign interactions purported to send a 'message' to North Korea - economic sanctions, summit diplomacy and military exercises/fleet movements - and examine how these are treated in North Korean fiction produced by the Korean Writer's Union, an important arm of the Party's Propaganda and Agitation Department. Each of the three interaction types represents a formal effort by an outside government - typically the United States or its allies - to send a message to the regime or its people and thereby shape their behavior and/or perception of the outside world. By examining how these 'messages' are portrayed in North Korean fiction, we can gain insight into how the regime shapes internal narratives about foreign affairs, as well as what sort of alternative narratives it is most anxious to intercept or disrupt.