Diagnosis and treatment options of neuroendocrine tumours

Neuroendocrine neoplasms belong to the group of rare tumours. Their clinical importance may be highlighted by their high prevalence despite low incidence. Since survival rate is similar to other progressive neoplastic diseases in metastatic cases, early recognition and appropriate therapy of these neoplasms are equally important. Classification of neuroendocrine tumours is based on their pathologic characteristics according to the 2010 WHO recommendation. Non-functioning tumours cause local symptoms due to their mass effect, while functioning tumours produce well-defined endocrine syndromes. Among laboratory tests, serum chromogranin-A is considered the most important biomarker of both non-functioning and functioning neuroendocrine tumours. Localization of these tumours includes the use of conventional diagnostic imaging, endoscopic examinations, and functional imaging studies. With respect to treatment, elimination of the primary tumour remains one of the most important issues. In advanced cases of the disease metastasectomy, interventional radiologic methods, medical treatment and endoradiotherapy can be used. The aim of this review is to summarize briefly the symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment options of neuroendocrine tumours.