Peroxiredoxin-2 and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein as potentially combined novel salivary biomarkers for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma using proteomic approaches

No effective screening method is available for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) that is recognized to influence by environmental factors as well as human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Therefore, we sought to identify salivary biomarkers for screening of OSCC with or without HPV and/or EBV infection. Saliva, lesion and oral exfoliated cells were collected from OSCC patients and cancer-free controls (CFCs) and grouped depending on their HPV- and EBV-infection status. Salivary protein was precipitated and subjected to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Differential expression of proteins was identified by mass spectrometry and validated by Western blotting. Distinctive expression patterns of salivary proteins were detected in OSCC as compared with CFCs. Levels of peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX-2) and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) were significantly up-regulated in OSCC cases (p < 0.001) relative to CFCs. Similarly, these proteins were also up-regulated in lesion cells compared with oral exfoliated cells (p < 0.001). However, the expression patterns of these proteins were not significantly influenced by patient histories (risk factors). In combination, these proteins yielded the highest discriminatory power (AUC = 0.999), sensitivity (100%), and specificity (98.77%) in distinguishing the early stages of OSCC. The detection of PRDX-2 combining with ZAG protein could potentially be used as salivary biomarkers for early screening of OSCC. Significance: Our findings demonstrate a useful of combined detection of PRDX-2 and ZAG as a salivary bio-marker for the early detection of OSCC.