Sex differences in developmental programming models

被引:260
作者
Aiken, Catherine E. [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Ozanne, Susan E. [3 ]
机构
[1] Univ Cambridge, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Rosie Hosp, Cambridge CB2 0SW, England
[2] Univ Cambridge, NIHR Cambridge Comprehens Biomed Res Ctr, Cambridge CB2 0SW, England
[3] Univ Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hosp, Inst Metab Sci, Metab Res Labs, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England
基金
英国生物技术与生命科学研究理事会; 英国医学研究理事会;
关键词
MATERNAL PROTEIN RESTRICTION; ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE CAPACITY; X-CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION; BLOOD-PRESSURE; GENDER-DIFFERENCES; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; TELOMERE LENGTH; GENE-EXPRESSION; OFFSPRING SEX; MOUSE EMBRYOS;
D O I
10.1530/REP-11-0489
中图分类号
Q [生物科学];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
The theory of developmental programming suggests that diseases such as the metabolic syndrome may be 'programmed' by exposure to adverse stimuli during early development. The developmental programming literature encompasses the study of a wide range of suboptimal intrauterine environments in a variety of species and correlates these with diverse phenotypic outcomes in the offspring. At a molecular level, a large number of variables have been measured and suggested as the basis of the programmed phenotype. The range of both dependent and independent variables studied often makes the developmental programming literature complex to interpret and the drawing of definitive conclusions difficult. A common, though under-explored, theme of many developmental programming models is a sex difference in offspring outcomes. This holds true across a range of interventions, including dietary, hypoxic, and surgical models. The molecular and phenotypic outcomes of adverse in utero conditions are often more prominent in male than female offspring, although there is little consideration given to the basis for this observation in most studies. We review the evidence that maternal energy investment in male and female conceptuses may not be equal and may be environment dependent. It is suggested that male and female development could be viewed as separate processes from the time of conception, with differences in both timing and outcomes. Reproduction (2013) 145 R1-R13
引用
收藏
页码:R1 / R13
页数:13
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