Environmental Impact Assessment of Chitin Nanofibril and Nanocrystal Isolation from Fungi, Shrimp Shells, and Crab Shells

Chitin nanoparticles are responsible for the outstanding mechanical properties found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans and are finding applications in many scientific and technological fields. Following a Circular Economy approach, diverse biomass wastes can be valorized to be reintroduced back into the economic cycle while preventing biowaste landfill upon isolation of chitin nanoparticles. Novel environmentally sustainable paths over the conventional chitin nanoparticle extraction involving harsh acid-hydrolysis treatments from crustacean shells have been recently proposed. In particular, fungi emerge as an attractive alternative provided the demineralization process with acids such as HCl is circumvented. In spite of this recognized virtue, no works have quantified the environmental impacts of these processes. The life-cycle assessment methodology is applied to close this gap and quantify the cradle-to-gate impacts of chitin nanofibril extraction from fungi. The results are compared to conventional chitin nanocrystal hydrolytic isolation processes from shrimp shells, chitin powder, and crab shells, together with sulfuric-acid-induced hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose to cellulose nanocrystals. Eighteen impact indicators are analyzed scaling-up laboratory quantities into processes treating 1 kg of biowastes. A global warming potential value of 18.5 kg center dot CO2-equiv per 1 kg of chitin nanofibrils is obtained, well below the 906.8, 105.2, 543.5, and 177.9 kg CO2- equiv center dot kg-1 values obtained for chitin nanocrystals from shrimp shells, chitin powder, crab shells, and cellulose nanocrystals, respectively. A sensitivity analysis shows a 10.1-62.6% impact decrease to a minimum value of 14.7 kg CO2-equiv center dot kg-1 for chitin nanofibril isolation from fungi considering 95% recirculation of the solvent/NaOH, highlighting the environmentally sustainable character of chitin nanofibril extraction from fungi. The potential application of chitin nanoparticles into environmentally sustainable materials and devices is explored. These results provide novel cues for the environmentally friendly synthesis of nanochitin, guiding the implementation of sustainable approaches in the field of biomass nanoparticles.