Entanglement Spectrum of the Two-Dimensional Bose-Hubbard Model

We study the entanglement spectrum (ES) of the Bose-Hubbard model on the two-dimensional square lattice at unit filling, both in the Mott insulating and in the superfluid phase. In the Mott phase, we demonstrate that the ES is dominated by the physics at the boundary between the two subsystems. On top of the boundary-local (perturbative) structure, the ES exhibits substructures arising from one-dimensional dispersions along the boundary. In the superfluid phase, the structure of the ES is qualitatively different, and reflects the spontaneously broken U(1) symmetry of the phase. We attribute the basic low-lying structure to the "tower of states'' Hamiltonian of the model. We then discuss how these characteristic structures evolve across the superfluid to Mott insulator transition and their influence on the behavior of the entanglement entropies. We briefly outline the implications of the ES structure on the efficiency of matrix-product-state based algorithms in two dimensions.