GNSS Threat Monitoring and Reporting with the Android Raw GNSS Measurements and STRIKE3

Reliable radio navigation signals are of extreme importance. Nowadays, we rely on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) related technologies for an array of uses ranging from agricultural, financial, transportation, and military applications. As such, providing existing systems with the tools to combat the threat presented by malicious spoofing or jamming attacks is critical. The paper, by adequately assessing fundamental measurements offered in the raw GNSS engine, and using software tools native to the Android Operating System (OS), will show the effectiveness of Android devices in reporting interference events as per the Standardization of GNSS Threat Reporting and Receiver Testing through International Knowledge Exchange, Experimentation and Exploitation (STRIKE3) Threat Monitoring and Reporting standard This work also proposes noninvasive improvements to the aforementioned standard that aim to improve the reporting procedures, extend the support for non-GPS signals, and increase support for smartphones. Finally, this work also presents a detailed study of the infrastructure required to reproduce the findings of this work in terms of bandwidth, server costs, and false alarm consideration due to user dynamics