Impact of temperature and residence time on the hydrothermal carbonization of organosolv lignin

Herein, we have investigated how pure lignin extracted from birch and spruce via a hybrid organosolv/steam explosion method reacts under hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to produce hydrochar, a product that has found applications in environmental remediation, energy storage and catalysis. We subjected thirteen lignin samples obtained from birch and spruce under different extraction conditions to HTC at 260 degrees C for four hours. The yield of hydrochar varied between the different extraction conditions and source, although no clear cor-relation between extraction conditions and yield could be observed. For instance, lignin from birch pretreated in 60%v/v ethanol for 15 min resulted in a hydrochar yield of 39 wt%. Increasing the time to 30 and 60 resulted in a hydrochar yield of 27 wt% and 23 wt%, respectively. This suggested that small changes in the organosolv reaction conditions might produce highly structurally different lignin, resulting in the difference in HTC yield. Thus, we chose a subset of four lignin samples to investigate in-depth, subjecting these samples to a range of hydrothermal reaction temperatures and residence times. Solid State NMR and FTIR analysis indicated that the most significant structural changes occurred below 230 degrees C resulting in the breaking of C -O-linkages. Increasing the temperature or time had minimal impact, with no further C -O-linkages broken and no changes to the ring structure of C-C groups. Size exclusion chromatography indicated that the degree of micro and macromolecules in the liquid product varied significantly with lignin source and HTC reaction conditions. Overall, this study demonstrated that lignin has a large reaction range where it produces a very chemically similar solid product, with the only major difference being the yield of material. This is important for industry, as it indicates that a similar solid product can be easily achieved independently of extraction conditions allowing the HTC reaction to be tuned towards extracting the maximum benefit from products contained in the liquid.