Whole-Body PET/MR Imaging: Quantitative Evaluation of a Novel Model-Based MR Attenuation Correction Method Including Bone

In routine whole-body PET/MR hybrid imaging, attenuation correction (AC) is usually performed by segmentation methods based on a Dixon MR sequence providing up to 4 different tissue classes. Because of the lack of bone information with the Dixon-based MR sequence, bone is currently considered as soft tissue. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate a novel model-based AC method that considers bone in whole-body PET/MR imaging. Methods: The new method ("Model") is based on a regular 4-compartment segmentation from a Dixon sequence ("Dixon"). Bone information is added using a model-based bone segmentation algorithm, which includes a set of prealigned MR image and bone mask pairs for each major body bone individually. Model was quantitatively evaluated on 20 patients who underwent whole-body PET/MR imaging. As a standard of reference, CT-based mu-maps were generated for each patient individually by nonrigid registration to the MR images based on PET/CT data. This step allowed for a quantitative comparison of all mu-maps based on a single PET emission raw dataset of the PET/MR system. Volumes of interest were drawn on normal tissue, soft-tissue lesions, and bone lesions; standardized uptake values were quantitatively compared. Results: In soft-tissue regions with background uptake, the average bias of SUVs in background volumes of interest was 2.4% 2.5% and 2.7% 2.7% for Dixon and Model, respectively, compared with CT-based AC. For bony tissue, the -25.5% +/- 7.9% underestimation observed with Dixon was reduced to -4.9% +/- 6.7% with Model. In bone lesions, the average underestimation was -7.4% +/- 5.3% and -2.9% +/- 5.8% for Dixon and Model, respectively. For soft-tissue lesions, the biases were 5.1% +/- 5.1% for Dixon and 5.2% +/- 5.2% for Model. Conclusion: The novel MR-based AC method for whole-body PET/MR imaging, combining Dixon-based soft-tissue segmentation and model-based bone estimation, improves PET quantification in whole-body hybrid PET/MR imaging, especially in bony tissue and nearby soft tissue.