Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) polymorphisms and haplotype structures have dual roles in breast cancer pathogenesis

Despite the documented dual role of TGF beta 1 in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis, the subtype-specific influences of its polymorphisms remain undocumented. The present study investigated the effects of the TGFB1 promoter region (rs1800468 or G-800A and rs1800469 or C-509T) and signal peptide (rs1800470 or C29T and rs1800471 or G74C) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their haplotype structures on the susceptibility and clinicopathological presentation of BC subtypes. TGFB1 genotypes were assessed by PCR-RFLP and haplotype structures were inferred for 323 BC patients and 405 neoplasia-free women, and case-control analyses were performed by logistic regression adjusted by age. Clinicopathological parameters (age at diagnosis, tumor size, histopathological grade, lymph node metastasis, proliferation index and disease stage) were tested for correlation with TGFB1 variants. All statistical analyses were two-tailed with an alpha level of 0.05. Variants related to increased TGF beta 1 production (C-509T SNP and GTCG haplotype) were associated with increased susceptibility to HER2(+) tumors and correlated with worse prognostic parameters in HER2(+) and triple-negative (TN) BCs, but correlated negatively to Ki67 in ER/PR(+)HER2(-) tumors. Conversely, low TGF beta 1 production variants (C29T SNP and GCTG haplotype) were protective against HER2(+) tumors and correlated negatively with prognostic parameters in HER2(+) and TN BCs, while indicating higher proliferation rates in ER/PR(+)HER2(-) tumors. Furthermore, the GCCG haplotype was associated with decreased susceptibility to ER/PR(+)HER2(-) tumors, but correlated positively with Ki67 in this subgroup. The present study indicates that TGFB1 variants have subtype-specific roles in BC and may switch from tumor suppressor to promoter during tumor development, consistent with TGF beta 1 dual role in BC pathogenesis.