A Study of the Peripheral Vessels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With or Without Foot Involvement

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is chronic limb ischemia caused by atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for this disease. The probability of a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is higher in a patient with DM and PVD than in a patient without DM. Ankle-brachial-pressure index (ABPI) allows the measurement of blood flow towards the distal extremities, which could help timely diagnosis, initiate brief therapy, and minimize the risk of critical limb ischemia and loss. This study aims to determine the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease and assess its association with intima-media thickness (IMT) in diabetic patients with and without foot ulcers in India. In the present study, we included all type 2 DM patients. The assessment was conducted clinically by measuring Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) radiologically by Duplex Ultrasonography (Samsung HS 70A machine), and Doppler (Linear probe-LA3 -12A) and IMT were detected. In healthy adults, IMT ranges from 0.25 to 1.5mm, and values above 1.0mm are often considered abnormal and linked with atherosclerosis and significantly increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, 72 patients with DM were enrolled over the study period; 52 patients presented with DFU, and 20 presented without DFU. The prevalence of PVD was higher in males compared to females; 40% of the patient population in the age range of 40-49 years was with PVD, and 62.5% of patients with PVD showed an IMT value more than 1.0mm, whereas only 5% patients without PVD shows IMT value more than 1.0mm. In conclusion, among type 2 diabetic subjects, the prevalence of PVD is 72.2%, and IMT is strongly associated with PVD.