Urea treatment in fluid restriction-refractory hyponatraemia

Objective Hyponatraemia in hospitalized patients is common and associated with increased mortality. International guidelines give conflicting advice regarding the role of urea in the treatment of SIADH. We hypothesized that urea is a safe, effective treatment for fluid restriction-refractory hyponatraemia. Design Review of urea for the treatment of hyponatraemia in patients admitted to a tertiary hospital during 2016-2017. Primary end-point: proportion of patients achieving a serum sodium >= 130 mmol/L at 72 hours. Patients Urea was used on 78 occasions in 69 patients. The median age was 67 (IQR 52-76), 41% were female. Seventy (89.7%) had hyponatraemia due to SIADH-CNS pathology (64.3%) was the most common cause. The duration was acute in 32 (41%), chronic in 35 (44.9%) and unknown in the rest. Results The median nadir serum sodium was 122 mmol/L (IQR 118-126). Fluid restriction was first-line treatment in 65.4%. Urea was used first line in 21.8% and second line in 78.2%. Fifty treatment episodes (64.1%) resulted in serum sodium >= 130 mmol/L at 72 hours. In 56 patients who received other prior treatment, the mean sodium change at 72 hours (6.9 +/- 4.8 mmol/L) was greater than with the preceding treatments (-1.0 +/- 4.7 mmol/L; P < 0.001). Seventeen patients (22.7%) had side effects (principally distaste), none were severe. No patients developed hypernatraemia, overcorrection (>10 mmol/L in 24 hours or >18 mmol/L in 48 hours), or died. Conclusions Urea is safe and effective in fluid restriction-refractory hyponatraemia. We recommend urea with a starting dose of >= 30 g/d, in patients with SIADH and moderate to profound hyponatraemia who are unable to undergo, or have failed fluid restriction.