Patent analysis for generating the technology landscape and competition situation of renewable energy

The rapidly growing state of energy consumption and the urgency of mitigating the harmful effects of climate change have accelerated our transition to renewable energy. This paper proposes a multi-level framework for exploring the global competition to develop renewable energy technologies. Through a combination of text mining techniques and by analyzing a corpus of patents covering six renewable energy technologies from 1970 to 2019, we reveal the lifecycle of these technologies, the original sources of these technologies, their potential markets, and the different supply and demand patterns of the major countries/regions involved. The results show that solar and wind energy are currently the most widely used renewable energy sources, yet biomass is the only energy source still in its growing stage. China's patents have seen a rapid upward trend, spurred on by strong policy promotion, which runs counter to the decrease in patent applications seen in most other major countries in this area. However, China's technology imports still far outweigh its exports, indicating that there is still a sizeable gap between China and some of the more developed countries like the United States, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom in terms of high-quality, high-value patents. Accordingly, China, the United States, and Japan are currently the leading in the world's renewable energy markets. That said, the market potential of Europe, Canada, and Australia should not be underestimated. These and more themes are discussed from a political, economic, environmental, and global governance perspective. This paper provides useful insights into the global renewable energy technology landscape, particularly the competitive dynamics at play. The aim is to guide policy makers or managers on the next steps in our progress toward applying and using renewable energy at scale.