Enhanced feeding in very-low-birth-weight infants may cause electrolyte disturbances and septicemia - A randomized, controlled trial

Background & aims: High supply of protein and energy has been introduced to very-low-birth-weight infants to improve growth and cognitive development. The aim of this study was to compare two different feeding strategies on postnatal growth and clinical outcome during neonatal hospitalization. Methods: Fifty very-low-birth-weight infants were randomized to either an enhanced or a standard feeding protocol within 24 h after birth. Chi-square and T-tests were applied. Results: First week protein, fat and energy supply was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (all P < 0.001). After inclusion of 50 patients we observed a higher occurrence of septicemia in the intervention group, 63% vs. 29% (P = 0.02), and no more patients were included. The infants in the intervention group demonstrated improved postnatal growth, but they also disclosed significant electrolyte deviations during the first week of life with hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia and hypercalcemia. First week phosphate nadir was lower in the infants experiencing septicemia (1.23 (0.50) mmol/L) as compared to the infants without (1.61 (0.61) mmol/L) (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Our study implies that enhanced feeding may induce electrolyte imbalances in VLBW infants, and that deleterious side effects similar to those seen in refeeding syndrome may occur. ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01103219 and the EudraCT number is 2010-020464-38. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.