Preharvest Reduction in Nutrient Solution Supply of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Contributes to Improve Fruit Quality and Fertilizer Efficiency While Stabilising Yields

Optimising fertilisation is an important part of maximising vegetable yield and quality whilst minimising environmental hazards. An accurate and efficient scheme of irrigation and fertiliser based on plants' nutrient requirements at different growth stages is essential for the effective intensive production of greenhouse pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In this study, the effects of reducing fertilisation rate by 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% from the day 6 to day 0 before harvest for each layer of peppers on growth, yield, quality and nutrient utilisation were evaluated. The results showed that the morphological indicators (plant height and stem diameter) and biomass of plants decreased gradually with the increase in fertiliser reduction rate. Compared with control (CK) plants, the 20-40% reduction in fertiliser application rate did not cause a significant decrease in biomass and stem diameter but significantly increased the accumulation of N (13.52-15.73%), P (23.09% in 20% reducted-treatment) and K (13.22-14.21%) elements in plants. The 20-80% reduction in fertiliser application before harvest had no significant effects on the nutrient agronomic efficiency of N, P and K elements. However, it decreased the physiological nutrient efficiency and significantly improved the nutrient harvest index of N, P and K. Appropriate reduction in fertiliser application significantly increased the nutrient recovery efficiency (20-40% reduction) and nutrient partial-factor productivity (40% reduction) of N (3.35-6.00% and 12.87%), P (2.47-2.92% and 14.01%) and K (7.49-15.68% and 14.01%), respectively. Furthermore, reducing the fertilisation rate by 20-40% before each harvest had a certain positive effect on the C and N metabolism of pepper leaves and fruits. In particular, the activities of N metabolism-related enzymes (nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase) and C metabolism-related enzymes (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthetase, acid invertase and neutral invertase) in leaves and fruits did not significantly different or significantly increased compared with those in CK plants. The results of the representative aromatic substance contents in the fruit screened by the random forest model showed that compared with the CK plants, reducing the fertiliser application by 20-40% before harvest significantly increased the content of capsaicin and main flavour substances in the fruit on the basis of stable yield. In summary, in the process of pepper substrate cultivation, reducing the application of nutrients by 40% from the day 6 to day 0 before each harvest could result in stable yield and quality improvement of the pepper. These results have important implications for institutional precision fertilisation programs and the improvement of the agroecological environment.