Combined heat and mass transfer of third-grade nanofluids over a convectively-heated stretching permeable surface

The buoyancy-induced flows of third-grade nanofluids are investigated along a vertical permeable stretching sheet, and a numerical solution is obtained for the combined heat and mass transfer during convective cooling of the stretching sheet, subject to partial slip and convective solutal boundary conditions. The Cauchy stress tensor for the fluids of grade three and Buongiorno model for the nanofluids are used in the governing equations. The model is capable of investigating the flow, heat, and mass characteristics of third-grade nanofluids along the stretching sheet. The partial differential equations are converted into ordinary nonlinear differential equations and are solved using a second-order numerical technique which includes a finite difference scheme and shooting method. The effects of the buoyancy, third-grade, viscoelastic, partial slip, convective heat and mass transfer, and nanofluid parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, and heat and mass transfer rates are reported. The present results of skin friction and heat and mass transfer rates are compared with published data, and are found to be in close agreement.