RETRACTED: Wolfram syndrome 1 and adenylyl cyclase 8 interact at the plasma membrane to regulate insulin production and secretion (Retracted article. See vol. 17, pg. 105, 2015)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and contributes to beta-cell loss and the progression of type 2 diabetes(1,2). Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1) has been shown to be an important regulator of the ER stress signalling pathway(3); however, its role in beta-cell function remains unclear. Here we provide evidence that WFS1 is essential for glucose-and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-stimulated cyclic AMP production and regulation of insulin biosynthesis and secretion. Stimulation with glucose causes WFS1 translocation from the ER to the plasma membrane, where it forms a complex with adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8), an essential cAMP-generating enzyme in the beta-cell that integrates glucose and GLP-1 signalling(4). ER stress and mutant WFS1 inhibit complex formation and activation of AC8, reducing cAMP synthesis and insulin secretion. These findings reveal that an ER-stress-related protein has a distinct role outside the ER regulating both insulin biosynthesis and secretion. The reduction of WFS1 protein on the plasma membrane during ER stress is a contributing factor for beta-cell dysfunction and progression of type 2 diabetes.