Evaluating effects of dairy manure application method on soil health and nitrate

Liquid manures are typically applied via surface broadcasting; however, subsurface injection is an alternative characterized by greater nutrient retention and a spatially distinct application pattern, altering management strategies and nutrient cycling dynamics. Thus, a field study was conducted from spring of 2016 through fall of 2018 on seven sites to assess pre-sidedress nitrate test (PSNT) methodology, seasonal soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) trends, corn (Zea mays L.) silage and grain yield, estimated milk production via MILK 2006, and biological soil health among surface broadcast and subsurface injection applications of dairy slurry .A weighted sampling method had a coefficient of variation of 37%, -8% higher relative to random (28%) and equispaced (30%) sampling methods. Soil NO3--N was greater in 7 out of 25 measurements under subsurface injection and 30% higher under injection on average during the corn PSNT.There were no significant differences in crop yield or milk production between surface and injected slurry applications, but means were always higher for injection. Biological soil health tests were highly variable, and analyzing carbon mineralization (C-min) took considerably more time than other tests. There were no significant differences in C-min between manure application methods; although, mineralization values increased with soil organic matter. Estimated microbial biomass was on average 46% lower under subsurface injection relative to surface broadcast in 2017, but results were inconsistent in 2016 and 2018. Overall, the biological indicators of soil health were not productive in showing differences between application methods. Nevertheless, it is apparent that injection can decrease chemical sidedress N applications, and either the standard method of PSNT soil sampling or an equispaced method can be used in injected fields.