Differential responses of grasses and forbs led to marked reduction in below-ground productivity in temperate steppe following chronic N deposition

Enhanced deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) has profound impacts on ecosystem processes such as above-ground productivity and community structure in grasslands across the globe. But how N deposition affects below-ground processes of grasslands is less well known. Here, we evaluated the effects of chronic N amendment at a relatively low rate (20kgha(-1)year(-1)) on root traits (root productivity, root biomass, root/shoot ratio) in Inner Mongolia steppes by rhizotron and ingrowth core and soil monolith techniques at levels of individual species, functional groups and ecosystem. For 8years, N amendment suppressed above-ground net primary production (ANPP), photosynthetic rates and root biomass of forbs, but enhanced ANPP and root biomass of grasses. This led to an overall reduction in below-ground productivity of the grassland by 24-33%, while ANPP remained unchanged. Nitrogen amendment acidified soil and subsequently increased extractable soil manganese (Mn) concentration. Nitrogen amendment increased foliar Mn concentrations in forb, but not grass species, leading to a significant inhibition of photosynthetic rates in forb species.Synthesis. These findings highlight the importance of the differentiating responses of plant functional groups to long-term N deposition and the important consequences of these responses for below-ground productivity and long-term soil C sequestration.