What are association formation models?

In his presentation of the propositional account of associative learning, De Houwer (2009) argues that association formation models (AFMs) assume excitatory link representations and automatic learning processes. However the application of AFMs to human causal and contingency learning has assumed propositional forms of representation, although excitatory link representations are also required to explain certain nonrational consequences of associative learning. Moreover at least two of the AFMs that have been applied to human associative learning invoke processing with nonautomatic characteristics. In conclusion, the distinction between the propositional account and AFMs of associative learning lies not in the form of representations but in the specific details of the learning processes generating the associative m-presentations.