Culture supernatants of cervical cancer cells induce an M2 phenotypic profile in THP-1 macrophages

Patients with cervical cancer (CxCa) typically present an infiltrate of tumor-associated macrophages, which is associated with a poor prognosis. We found that CxCa cell lines (HeLa, SiHa, and C-33A) secreted factors involved in regulating tumor growth including IL-6, IL-4, PDGF(AA), HGF, VEGF, ANG-2, and TGF-beta 3. We assessed the effects of culture supernatants from these cell lines on macrophages derived from the THP-1 cell line. Macrophages treated with culture supernatants from CxCa cells developed an M2-like phenotype with expression of CD163, low nitric oxide release, and high secretion of IL-6, PDGF(AA), HGF, ANG-2, and VEGF. The macrophages continued to produce PDGF(AA), PDGF(BB), and VEGF 48 h after the CxCa cell culture supernatants were removed. The induction of M2 macrophages in vivo favors tumor growth, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and metastasis. These results demonstrated that factors secreted by CxCa cells induced a stable M2 phenotype in THP-1 macrophages. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.